Research Interests

Our interdisciplinary research program is inspired by the metabolic diversity of microorganisms and the vast array of compounds they produce. Working at the interface of chemistry and biology, we combine approaches in chemistry, biochemistry, bioinformatics, genetics, and systems biology to discover new natural products, identify bioactivity and mode of action, and to decipher the metabolic basis of their biosynthesis. Ultimately, we to seek to translate insights gained from our investigations into solutions for modern day challenges facing human health and the environment. These include new antibiotics to counter drug-resistant pathogens, novel herbicides and biocontrol agents to improve pest management and food security, and engineered biocatalysts to facilitate chemical production by green chemistry and industrial biotechnology.

Genome Mining for Natural Products

We have developed a genomics-driven platform for the discovery of natural products from actinobacteria, an important source of antibiotics, pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. In contrast to traditional bioactivity guided screening, we use low-cost, high-throughput, sequencing technologies to first classify the biosynthetic potential of strains. Combining the systematic analysis of encoded natural product gene clusters with chemospecific detection of molecules and metabolomics, an emergent path to new compounds is paved that simultaneously bypasses the “re-discovery problem” of classical discovery. Most recently, we have used this strategy to mine the genomes of 10,000 actinomycetes for phosphonic and phosphinic acids, discovering a multitude of new compounds and unexplored pathways for this understudied, but commercially proven, class of natural products.

Genome mining has also revealed that the reservoir of new compounds from actinomycetes remains vast and deep – approximately 90% of natural product gene clusters encode for unknown molecules. To harness the potential of this biosynthetic diversity, we have initiated discovery campaigns for other classes of natural products.

Bioactivity of Antibiotics

We are studying the bioactivity of newly isolated phosphonic and phosphinic acid natural products, many of which show promising antimicrobial antibiotic properties. We are particularly interested in understanding the physiological responses triggered upon natural product exposure, deducing mode of action, and identifying immunity factors. Investigations into the scope and nature of their bioactivities will provide insight into their function, feasibility as lead compounds, and potential application in other areas of biotechnology.

Deciphering Biosynthesis

We are characterizing strains that produce phosphonic acids and other natural products with unusual functional groups to understand the nature of their biosynthesis. To elucidate pathways, we construct gene-deletion mutants, analyze accumulated intermediates and products of cross-feeding experiments, and reconstitute biochemical reactions in vitro. Additionally, we seek to understand the molecular determinants of catalysis and the evolutionary origins for key biosynthetic enzymes. These results will facilitate the creation of natural product derivatives through combinatorial biosynthesis, the development of new biocatalysis agents, and inform additional markers for genome mining.

Chemical Ecology

The production, distribution, and effects of natural product molecules are largely unclear for strains when present in their natural environment. To develop a comprehensive understanding of the potential roles natural products have on the structure, function, and dynamics of microbiomes, we are examining the taxonomic and ecological distribution of biosynthetic pathways, environmental cues that trigger natural product biosynthesis, and the physiology of producing organisms. These studies will provide clues into the native function of natural products and contribute to our greater understanding of how microbes shape ecosystems.

Membership

Associate Professor, Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy (Joint Appointment)

Member, Infectious Disease Institute

Member, Ohio State Biochemistry Graduate Program

Member, Molecular and Cellular Developmental Biology Graduate Program

Selected Recent Publications

• Cui J and Ju KS. 2025. Recent Advances in Natural and Synthetic Phosphonate Therapeutics. Curr. Opin Microbiol. Jul 11:87:102630. PMID: 40652902 

   

• Cui J and Ju KS. 2025. Determining of Biosynthetic Gene Cluster Boundaries Through Comparative Bioinformatics. Methods Enzymol. 717:241-265. PMID: 40651826

   

• Cui J and Ju KS. 2024. Biosynthesis of Bacillus Phosphonoalamides Reveals Highly Specific Amino Acid Ligation. ACS Chem. Biol. 19(7):1506-1514. PMID: 38885091

   

• Cui J^#, Zhang Y^#, Ju KS. 2024. Phosphonoalamides Reveal the Biosynthetic Origin of Phosphonoalanine Natural Products and a Convergent Pathway for Their Diversification. Angew. Chemie. Intl. Ed. 63(32):e202405052. PMID: 38780891

   

• Wilson JA, Cui J, Nakao T, Kwok H, Zhang Y, Pham TM, Roodhouse H, Ju KS. 2023. Discovery of antimicrobial phosphonopeptides from Bacillus velezensis by genome mining.  Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 89(6):e0033823. PMID: 37377428 

   

• Zhang Y, Chen L, Wilson J, Cui J, Roodhouse H, Pham T, Kayrouz CM, Ju KS. 2022. Biosynthesis of valinophos reveals a new route in phosphonate metabolism that is broadly conserved in nature. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144(22):9938-9948. PMID: 35617676

   

• Zhang Y, Pham T, Kayrouz CM, and Ju KS. 2022. Biosynthesis of argolaphos illuminates the unusual biochemical origins of aminomethylphosphonate and Nɛ-hydroxyarginine containing natural products. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144(22):9634-9644. PMID: 35616638

   

• Kayrouz CM^#, Zhang Y^#, Pham T, Ju KS. 2020. Genome mining reveals the phosphonoalamide natural products and a new route in phosphonic acid biosynthesis. ACS Chem. Biol. 15(7):1921-1929. PMID: 32484327

 PubMed